Egypt’s tech scene has attracted growing venture capital – roughly USD 2 billion  in VC over the past five years. As one expert notes, with increasing VC interest “the need for meticulous due diligence becomes increasingly pronounced”. In other words, Egyptian startups and investors alike must prepare for a thorough investigative process  before any funding deal closes. Due diligence means systematically examining the startup’s business – from its legal status and finances to

Egypt’s startup ecosystem is surging. In recent years venture capital inflows into Egyptian tech companies have climbed sharply – on the order of 30–40% per year – fueled by a deep pool of talent and active VC funds. Leading local VCs (e.g. A15, Algebra Ventures, Sawari) and government-backed funds (Egypt Ventures) are funding seed-to-growth rounds. Notable exits signal the maturing market: for example, the ride-sharing startup SWVL went public on Nasdaq, and Cairo-based KNGI

Joint ventures (JVs) are a popular way for investors to collaborate on projects in Egypt. In a JV, two or more parties pool capital, expertise, and resources to achieve a common business goal. This arrangement can take various forms under Egyptian law – either as an incorporated company or a contractual partnership – but there is no special “joint venture law.”  Instead, JVs rely on general corporate and contract law. Under Egyptian practice, JV agreements are defined by mutu

An Original Design Manufacturer (ODM)  agreement is one where a local factory not only manufactures a product but also designs  it, selling the finished goods to a foreign buyer to brand as its own. In practical terms, a foreign investor commissions an Egyptian plant to create and build the product; the investor then puts its own label or trademark on the item. This contrasts with OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturing), where the buyer supplies the design, and with white-labe

OEM contracts are manufacturing agreements under which one company (the OEM ) produces components or finished products according to another company’s specifications, and the buyer sells them under its own brand. In practice, the buyer provides the product design or core requirements, and the OEM factory manufactures and delivers the goods. The buyer then “packages” or brands the products under its trademark. In essence, an OEM contract ties the factory to produce goods that t

Foreign investors in Egypt must carefully plan how to exit their investment  when the time comes to maximize value and comply with local law. An exit strategy lays out the legal and financial steps for selling or closing a business, repatriating funds, and settling obligations. This is critical because Egypt’s legal and regulatory framework for foreign investment is detailed and compliance-intensive. A well-defined exit plan helps minimize risk, avoid surprises (such as back

A partnership agreement in Egypt is a legally binding contract between two or more people (individuals or companies) who agree to carry on a business together and share profits and losses. Egyptian law treats partnerships (Sherkat) primarily as personal contracts rather than separate entities. For example, a general partnership  (Sherka ‘Odawiya) requires at least two active partners who share management and are jointly and severally liable  for the firm’s debts. Unlike corpo

Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) in Egypt encompass the purchase, sale or combination of companies  – whether through share transfers, asset sales or statutory mergers. In practice, most Egyptian M&A deals involve transferring shares of joint-stock companies or quotas of LLCs . The Egyptian Companies Law (No. 159 of 1981)  and related regulations govern corporate mergers and share transfers, while the Capital Market Law (No. 95 of 1992)  and EGX listing rules apply when listed

Foreign and domestic investors view Egypt as a strategic hub for M&A activity, given its large economy and growth potential. The legal system is civil-law based, and M&A transactions are governed by multiple statutes. Key laws include the Companies Law No.159 of 1981  (as amended), which sets out rules for corporate reorganizations, and the Capital Markets Law No.95 of 1992 , which regulates share transactions and public offerings. Listed companies must also comply with the E

Egyptian law treats corporate crime as illegal conduct by companies or their officers for business purposes. In practice, corporate crimes cover a wide range of offenses – from financial fraud and embezzlement  to bribery, tax evasion, and antitrust violations – whenever these acts benefit the company. Corporate crime is closely related to white-collar crime, but the two differ in focus. Corporate crime  typically involves illegal acts by a company (or its agents) against the

Egypt’s corporate tax regime is a key consideration for any foreign investor. Corporate entities (including branches) are taxed under...

Egypt’s business landscape is shaped by a rich legal tradition and modern reforms. As a foreign investor considering entry into Egypt,...

Understanding legal representation  in Egypt is essential for businesses and foreign investors. Corporate entities in Egypt are governed...

For international companies operating — or planning to operate — in Egypt, compliance is simultaneously a business safeguard and a...

Egypt’s fintech sector is undergoing a remarkable transformation, making the country one of the fastest-growing financial technology hubs...

Corporate governance in Egypt refers to the framework of rules, practices, and processes by which companies are directed and controlled....

Egypt’s business entities are governed by a combination of laws: the Commercial Code (Law No. 17 of 1999)  regulates general trade and...

Establishing a company in Egypt involves understanding the country’s corporate forms, legal procedures and incentives. Egypt’s strategic...